Indonesia: A hunger for coal threatens the Heart of Borneo

Published by MAC on 2014-05-29
Source: The Jakarta Post, AFP

A hunger for coal threatens the Heart of Borneo

Jenny Denton

The Jakarta Post

20 May 2014

Kalimantan - The project could see more than a billion tons of coal dug up from an area of global significance, where indigenous people have lived for generations amid the forests and rivers.

"We heard on the news that Kalimantan was the heart of the world, but we never heard about our village being part of the 'Heart of Borneo'," Maruwai village secretary Timor Banafi says, laughing.

Maruwai, a settlement of around 700 people in the remote north of Central Kalimantan, sits near the border of the Heart of Borneo, a more-than-220,000-square-kilometer zone where Indonesia, Brunei and Malaysia in 2007 agreed to work to improve environmental outcomes and to protect it from deforestation and degradation from industrial agriculture, logging and mining.

The Asian Development Bank has said the Heart of Borneo contains "some of the world's most important equatorial forests which act as 'lungs of the earth'," describing it as "one of the few areas on earth where large-scale conservation can still be implemented".

Despite its global significance, the area is not technically protected.

The World Wildlife Fund (WWF), which is driving the conservation initiative, works with governments and businesses in the zone to improve sustainable land use.

A WWF report released this month said that the Heart of Borneo has lost 10 percent of its forest cover since 2007. More of the area has been licensed to mining and logging companies than has been protected in national parks and nature reserves.

Maruwai, sits within 15 kilometers of the Asmin Koalindo Tuhup and Marunda Graha Mineral coal mines, according to Timor. The mines, two of Central Kalimantan's biggest, have produced 19 million tons of coal in the last 10 years, according to government statistics

Now Maruwai's residents - indigenous Dayaks who have lived in Kalimantan's forests and rivers for decades - face a massive expansion of mining in the area as global giant BHP Billiton gears up for the first of a series of planned open-cut coal mines inside the Heart of Borneo.

The Indomet project, a joint venture with Indonesian miner Adaro Energy, incorporates seven coal contracts of work covering a combined area of 350,000 hectares - over four-and-a-half times the size of Greater Jakarta - straddling Central and East Kalimantan, from which BHP estimates more than 1.25 billion tons of thermal and metallurgical coal could be unearthed.

According to the Indonesian Forum for the Environment (Wahli), in addition to releasing huge volumes of carbon dioxide, the mines would disrupt and pollute two major river systems, destroy tens of thousands of hectares of natural forest in an area of high biodiversity and have serious effects on the land and resources of local inhabitants, potentially causing conflict.

The project has already led to conflict in Maruwai, according to villagers, who say they were forced to accept token payments from BHP Billiton for an area of their customary forest eight years ago after police were called in and they were threatened with arrest.

"We were forced to sell our land for Rp 100 [0,08 US cents] per [square] meter," claimed residents Regina and Arayati. "If we didn't sell it, the police would arrest us. The land meant a lot to us because we inherited it from our ancestors, and actually it had already generated a lot of money for us".

A spokesperson for BHP Billiton who declined to be named said that the company's activities in relation to land acquisitions for the Indomet project "were at all times undertaken in accordance with legal and ethical business practices".

The company's plans did not include mining in any protected forests in Central Kalimantan, the spokesperson said, and development in Central and East Kalimantan would be subject to detailed environmental and social impact assessments, feasibility studies and appropriate permits.

However, local environment groups claim that BHP Billiton lobbied the Central Kalimantan government to have the protected status of forest in some of its contract areas revoked - a claim the company didn't respond to.

Opinion on coal mining is divided in Maruwai, where around a third of the working-aged male population has jobs in the nearby mines. However, even those who support the industry acknowledge that it has already had negative impacts.

Village head Suwanto is positive about the benefits that mining can bring, pointing to community development initiatives, such as a recently installed water purification system, but says that villagers used to be able to drink the water from the river, and rarely go hunting anymore because their access to forest areas is limited and there are few animals left.

Suwanto doesn't feel a fair share of mining profits have flowed back to the village, where most people live in simple wooden houses and rely on a generator that provides power for only five hours a day.

Other local residents, like Regina, whose says her riverside house and shop have flooded regularly since the companies started operating, oppose the industry outright.

Mining has polluted the river, increased flooding, deprived people of their lands and created a kind of dependence among villagers, Regina says.

Junior high school biology teacher Eka Ristiani agrees, identifying water pollution, air pollution, flooding and loss of land as the major impacts of coal mining on the village.

"It's a great pity villagers lose their land to the coal companies and get nothing," Eka says. "Many people don't have enough to fulfil their daily needs and are not even able to send their children to school."

The scale of coal mining in Central Kalimantan has so far been limited by the remote location of coal deposits, but that looks set to change.

The central government's 2011 Master Plan for the Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesian Economic Development (MP3EI) designated Kalimantan a "mining and energy corridor" and outlined plans for the construction of a "coal railway" in the province to dramatically accelerate extraction of the fossil fuel there.

Indonesia mined 421 million tons of coal in 2013, according to Antara news agency, and, according to Standford University researcher Bart Lucarelli, with less than 1 percent of global reserves, the nation has become one of the world's largest exporters of the commodity, most of which comes from Kalimantan.

While coal has played a significant role in the nation's economic growth in recent years, it is also a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions.

A Greenpeace report released last year labelled Indonesia's planned increase in coal exports from Kalimantan as one of 14 fossil fuels projects that were the "worst of the worst" around the world for emissions, and which taken together would push the planet beyond "the point of no return" on climate change.

"Our lands, our gardens will one day all be sold," says Eka, who is a mother of two. "What will the future of our children and grandchildren be, where will we get jobs or find things to do if we have no lands and our natural resources are exploited by mining companies?"

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Ravaged landscape

by Angela Dewan

AFP

16 December 2013

A coal rush spreads destruction in Kalimantan.

Barges loaded with mountains of coal glide down the polluted Mahakam River on Indonesian Borneo every few minutes. Viewed from above, they form a dotted black line as far as the eye can see, destined for power stations in China and India.

A coal rush that has drawn international miners to East Kalimantan province has ravaged the capital, Samarinda, which risks being swallowed up by mining if the exploitation of its deposits expands any further.

Mines occupy more than 70% of Samarinda, government data show, forcing entire villages and schools to move away from toxic mudslides and contaminated water sources.

The destruction of forest around the city to make way for mines has also removed a natural buffer against floods, leading to frequent waist-high deluges during the six-month rainy season.

And despite the 200 million tonnes of coal dug and shipped out of East Kalimantan each year, its capital is crippled by frequent hours-long blackouts as the city's ageing power plant suffers constant problems.

Farmer Komari, who goes by one name, has lived in a corner of Samarinda half an hour from the city centre since 1985 and used to get by growing small amounts of rice and breeding fish. But the mines have poisoned the water used in his fields and small ponds, he says.

"The rice is basically grown in poisonous water," said the 70-year-old, standing among his padi, ankle-deep in brown sludge near the bare, one-room wooden shack where he lives with his wife. "We still eat it but I think it's pretty bad for us," he says, adding that the water makes his skin itch.

Along with 18 other farmers, Komari has filed a civil suit against government officials, blaming them for contaminating their water sources and allowing rampant mining.

They are not seeking compensation, instead asking the government to oblige a coal company next to their homes to decontaminate the water and provide health services.

Udin, who owns and drives a rental car and was born in Samarinda 30 years ago, said the city today has been transformed. "When I was a kid, my home was a jungle with orang utans and so many different colourful birds. But now it is bleak," he said.

According to Jatam, a group representing communities affected by mining across Indonesia, the root of the problem is obvious - local officials have been lining their pockets with bribes from companies in exchange for granting them permits to mine.

"A bunch of cronies have done this to Samarinda. We call them the mining mafia," said Merah Johansyah from the group's Samarinda branch.

Jatam and Indonesian Corruption Watch recently reported a case to the country's anti-graft agency, alleging an Indonesian company, Graha Benua Etam, in 2009 bribed Samarinda's former energy and mining department chief in exchange for a permit.

They say at least four billion rupiah (RM1.1mil) was handed out in corrupt payments, and that some of the money flowed to a former mayor for a political campaign. The company could not be contacted for comment.

Bribes are being paid for more than just permits, Johansyah said. He said they also help companies mine in areas they are not supposed to and avoid obligations such as consulting communities and carrying out environmental impact assessments.

Law enforcement, often a problem across the sprawling archipelago of more 17,000 islands where power is heavily decentralised, is also lax.

Campaigners say that companies have ignored their legal obligation to fill abandoned deep pits once their activities are complete. More than 10 people, including seven children, died between 2011 and 2012 from falling into these holes, according to local media reports.

This grim picture of Samarinda is a far cry from what it once was - a lush jungle with orang utans and exotic birds, many native to Borneo. It is a common story across the world's third-largest island, which was once almost entirely covered in trees but has now lost around half of its forest, according to the WWF.

Like in the Amazon, the rainforest on Borneo acts like a sponge, soaking up climate change-inducing carbon from the atmosphere.

A recent report from NGO the World Development Movement warned the coal rush is spreading to better conserved parts of Borneo, such as Central Kalimantan.

The forest in that province is currently almost untouched but companies such as Anglo-Australian BHP Billiton have plans to begin mining for coal.

BHP said that any development it carries out in Kalimantan "will be subject to detailed environmental and social impact assessments".

Despite the destruction, Borneo continues to attract nature lovers from around the world to see the oldest known rainforests on the planet and its more than 1,400 animal species and 15,000 types of plants. But environmentalists warn there might not be much left to see if the environmental devastation continues at the current pace.