US toxic trails
Published by MAC on 2007-03-18
US toxic trails
18th March 2007
Is it just an example of "Gore bull"? The grand old man of US environmentalism has profited for years from royalites on a zinc mine. Though the mine closed in 2003, he's now asked the new owners to cooperate with the NGO Earthworks and re-open it as an example of "global best practice".
Apparently Al Gore's involvement in mining doesn't worry Earthwork's Steve D'Esposito "in any way, shape or form." This is despite the fact that the mine released 4.1 million pounds of toxics in its last full year of operation (2002) - ranking it among the top two dozen metal mining polluters in the US.
What historically was allmost certainly the most toxic site of all in the US was Rocky Flats, contaminated by a vast range of heavy metals and radionucleides from the production of US nuclear weapons of mass destruction. Now government authorities claim it's been successfully reclaimed - and that a large chunk of it can safely be turned into a wildlife refuge.
It's found in 40% of US "Superfund" (reclamation) sites, is used to plate metals, and in the manufacture of stainless steel. Now - startlingly - a scientists has found that one of the main antidotes to exposure to hexavalent chromium may actually be increasing its deadly impacts.
Land mine? Gore gains benefits from zinc operation
By BILL THEOBALD, Gannett News Service
18th March 2007
CARTHAGE — Al Gore has profited from zinc mining that has released millions of pounds of potentially toxic substances near his farmstead, but there is no evidence the mine has caused serious damage to the environment in the area or threatened the health of his neighbors.
Two massive white mountains of leftover rock waste are evidence of three decades of mining that earned Gore $570,000 in royalty payments for the mineral rights to his property.
New owners plan to start mining again later this year, after nearly four years of inactivity. In addition to bringing 250 much-needed jobs to rural middle Tennessee, mine owners will resume paying royalties to some residents who, like Gore, own land adjacent to the mine and lease access to the zinc under their property.
Gore has yet to be approached by the new owner, Strategic Resource Acquisition, said his spokeswoman Kalee Kreider, and he and wife, Tipper, have not decided whether they will renew their lease. It was terminated when the mine closed in 2003.
Last week, Gore sent a letter asking the company to work with Earthworks, a national environmental group, to make sure the operation doesn't damage the environment.
"We would like for you to engage with us in a process to ensure that the mine becomes a global example of environmental best practices," Gore wrote.
Victor Wyprysky, the company's president and chief executive officer, did not respond to requests for comment on the letter.
The letter was sent the week after Gannett News Service posed questions to the former vice president about his involvement with the mine.
Previous mine owners released toxic substances into waterways above the allowable levels several times in the eight years before the mine closed.
But state regulators consider those permit violations minor and monitoring reports provide a clean bill of health for the surface water in the area. Community leaders and health officials recall no health problems ever associated with the mining.
But now that the mine is reopening and Gore's status as an environmentalist has grown, some of Gore's neighbors see a conflict between the mining and his moral call for environmental activism.
"Mining is not exactly synonymous with being green, is it?" said John Mullins, who lives in nearby Cookeville. A conservative, Mullins welcomes the resumption of mining for the benefits it will bring the community. But he says Gore's view that global warming is a certainty is arrogant and that by being connected to mining, Gore is not "walking the walk."
At the same time, the Caney Fork Watershed Association, which works to conserve and improve the waterways near the mine, has heard no concerns from its members about the mine's reopening.
"The operation has a record of vigilance in not operating to harm the environment, and we certainly hope that the renewed operation will maintain this record," John Harwood, with the association, said in a written response to questions. "It is important that this waste material ... be permanently secured from causing environmental contamination."
And Earthworks president and chief executive Stephen D'Esposito said Gore's involvement with mining doesn't bother him "in any way, shape or form."
"We are going to have mining. The question is doing it in the right place and the right way," said D'Esposito, who has not studied the Carthage mines.
Al Gore Jr.'s involvement in mining can be traced to Sept. 22, 1973.
Former Sen. Albert Gore Sr. bought about 88 acres along the Caney Fork River from Occidental Minerals, a subsidiary of Occidental Petroleum, for $160,000. Included in the deal was the subsurface area. The rights to the minerals below ground were then leased back to Occidental.
On the same day, Gore Sr. sold the land and subsurface area to his 25-year-son and daughter-in-law for $140,000. The mineral lease to Occidental was put in their names.
Kreider said the terms of the 30-year agreement provided the Gores "no legal recourse" even if they had wanted to cancel it. She said they never considered selling the land.
The lease paid them $20,000 a year in 27 years and $10,000 per year in three years, Kreider said.
The Gores, she said, would not comment on whether they tried to pursue legal action to void the lease. "There is a certain zone of privacy once people go into private life."
She said the lease has to be viewed in a "1973 context, not a 2007 context."
"There was a different environmental sensibility about all sorts of things," she said.
The mine is a complex of several interconnected sites known as the Gordonsville Mine and Mill, the Cumberland Mine and the Elmwood Mine, which is the closest to Gore's property. In addition, previous mine owners operated a refining plant in Clarksville.
Through the years, mining operations expanded as the facilities went through several ownership and name changes. Horizontal shafts, called drifts, extend under the Gore property, Kreider said, although the Gores don't know their number and location.
By 1983, the Elmwood-Gordonsville complex was the largest zinc-producing mine in the country and Tennessee the largest zinc-producing state. The Elmwood-Gordonsville mine kept the title every year until 1990, except for 1984.
Zinc is used primarily to protect steel from corrosion. Other metals released during the mining process — such as lead, mercury and copper — are necessary to a modern economy. But human exposure to high levels of these metals can cause health problems.
The Environmental Protection Agency began reporting toxic releases from metal mining operations for the first time in 1998. The mining industry objected to being included in the reports because of the sheer size of the emission numbers and the fact that much of what is reported is the naturally occurring substance — in this case zinc — that is being mined.
In the five-year period from 1998-2003, before the mines were shuttered, 16.6 million pounds of toxic substances were released into the air, water and land at the Gordonsville site, according to the EPA's Toxic Release Inventory data, and another 2.6 million pounds at the Cumberland site. Most of that was the zinc pulled from ground during mining.
In its last year of full operation in 2002, the Gordonsville-Cumberland mines ranked 22nd among all metal mining operations in the U.S., with about 4.1 million pounds of toxic releases. The top releasing mine, Red Dog Mine in Alaska, emitted about 482 million pounds that year. In 2002, Smith County ranked 39th out of more than 3,000 U.S. counties for lead compound releases and 21st for cadmium releases, according to tallies by Scorecard, a Web site run by environmentalists that compiles federal data.
Even Gore noted in his letter that, according to Scorecard, "pollution releases from the mine in 2002 placed it among the 'dirtiest/worst facilities' in the U.S."
How much was released in the previous quarter century when the mines were in their heyday is unknown.
The Clarksville processing plant emitted more than 26 million pounds of pollutants in 2004, ranking Montgomery County 21st among all U.S. counties for the amount of toxic releases discharged into the environment.
While all the sites have systems in place to protect nearby rivers and streams, the state discharge permit records for the Carthage area mines show several examples in recent years of releases of toxic substances into waterways above the allowable levels set under the federal Clean Water Act. The majority of samples taken found acceptable levels of the various substances being tested.
Because the company worked to correct the problem, state officials said the department did not take tougher action such as a fine. The other four violations, between January 1998 and August 2000, were considered minor, officials said. Two other notices of violation were issued in 1997 for zinc limit violations at a nearby discharge point.
Two other zinc violations were found in samples in 2003; one for high levels of solids that year and in 2004; and one for copper in a 2003 sample.
"We think those violations (are) considered minor," said Paul Schmierbach, environmental program manager for the state's Division of Water Pollution Control.
The most recent permit for the Clarksville plant includes no permit violations. But very high zinc levels were found in many samples taken from 2001-2005 at two sites where storm water flowed into a tributary of the Cumberland River. The Clarksville permit did not set limits for storm water runoff so those were not counted as violations.
Test samples taken of the surface water in the Caney Fork and Cumberland rivers near the mine sites in recent years show no readings of dangerous substances above the legal limits.
"I don't see anything here that indicates a water quality issue," said Greg Denton, manager of the planning and standards section in the Division of Water Pollution Control, after reviewing testing data compiled by Gannett News Service.
And state and county health officials, along with community leaders, can recall no reports of unusual health problems in the area.
At the same time, the state counts the two water systems that draw from the Caney Fork and Cumberland downstream from the mines as highly susceptible for contamination, according to the Tennessee Source Water Assessment Report issued in August 2003, the most recent report done.
That is in part because of the mines and other facilities that discharge into the rivers, according to the report. The report scored nearly half of the state's 457 community water sources as having "high susceptibility" for contamination.
In addition, state environmental officials said in a 2006 report that Tennessee needs a more accurate picture of the health of its underground water supply.
According to the report, the state:
— Has not done a systematic statewide study of its aquifers.
— Requires that public water systems sample only the treated water they provide to customers, not raw ground water samples.
— Does not require routine sampling of private wells and springs.
Smith Utility District, one of the two water treatment plants in the area, draws from the Caney Fork, which Gore used as a backdrop in his Oscar-winning documentary "An Inconvenient Truth." The other, Carthage Water System, takes its water from the Cumberland.
Only a few violations of safe drinking water regulations have been found in recent years during tests at the Smith, Carthage, and other water systems in the area. Most are monitoring violations and the only health-related ones are for high levels of the chemicals used to disinfect the water.
Marcus Kemp, plant and distribution superintendent for the Smith Utility District plant, said he never had problems with discharges from the mines during his 28 years with the district, nor has Don Taylor, who runs the Carthage water plant.
Still, Kemp is concerned about what will happen when the new owners pump out the water that has filled the mine since it was shut down.
"That is going to be a different issue," Kemp said of the restart of mining. "Water went into all the cracks and crevices."
Community leaders see no problem with Gore, or the hundreds of other landowners in the area, reaping the benefits of owning property rich in zinc. In 2002, a previous mine owner held 355 leases in the area, totaling 16,339 acres, or more than 25.5 square miles.
"I don't think he would want to stand in the way of economic development of a community," said Michael Nesbitt, mayor of Smith County, where the mines are located.
Nesbitt and others are excited about the jobs the mine will create for some of the county's nearly 19,000 people whose per capita personal income was below the state's in 2003, the most recent county data available.
Strategic Resource Acquisition, the Canadian company that will operate under the name Mid-Tennessee Zinc, estimates it will take a year to re-activate the mines. Mining itself should begin in the third quarter of this year, said Wyprysky, the CEO. The mill should begin putting out ore ready for shipping to refining plants in the first quarter of 2008.
In an interview prior to Gore's letter being sent, Wyprysky declined a request for a tour of the mining sites and declined to comment on their connection to Gore. He said the company was still in the process of negotiating lease agreements with the surrounding property owners.
The Gores won't speculate on whether they will refuse to renew their lease if the new owners don't follow their request to work with the environmental group, Kreider said. They do plan, she said, to encourage their neighbors to join their effort.
Also to be decided is what to do about the leases on two parcels owned by Albert Gore Sr., which Gore eventually will inherit when his parents' estates are settled.
The company said the mine already has produced 2.6 billion pounds of zinc metal, and still contains 26 million tons of zinc material containing 3.25percent zinc.
That means that mining there could continue for years, creating an ongoing environmental threat to Gore and his neighbors in the rolling hills of middle Tennessee.
"The real protection," said Harwood of the Caney Fork Watershed Association, "lies in the good faith and diligence of the mine operators, and of the state regulators."
Rocky Flats Nuclear Plant to Become Wildlife Refuge
DENVER, Colorado, (ENS)
14th March 2007
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is proposing to delete 25,413 acres of the Rocky Flats Plant Superfund site in Jefferson and Boulder Counties, Colorado, from the Superfund List and designate it as a national wildlife refuge.
The 1,308 acre Central Operable Unit at the former nuclear weapons production plant is not being considered for deletion and will remain on the Superfund List.
Rocky Flats operated as a nuclear weapons production facility from 1952 to 1988. In 1953, the plant began production of bomb components, manufacturing plutonium triggers, which were used at the Pantex plant in Amarillo, Texas to assemble nuclear weapons.
In 1991, due to the fall of the Soviet Union, production of most of the weapons systems at Rocky Flats was no longer needed. In 1992, production of submarine-based missiles using the W88 trigger was discontinued, ending the need for production at Rocky Flats.
Numerous incidents of radioactive contamination of air, soil and water surrounding the Rocky Flats plant were documented over the years.
In 1989 the FBI raided the facilities and ordered everyone out. They found numerous violations of federal anti-pollution laws including massive plutonium contamination of water and soil.
Long-term cleanup of the facility began in 1994. Throughout the remainder of the 1990s and into the 2000s, cleanup of contaminated sites and dismantling of contaminated buildings continued with the waste materials being shipped to the Nevada Test Site, the Envirocare company in Utah, and the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant in New Mexico.
Clean-up was declared complete on October 13, 2005. About 1,000 acres of the new wildlife refuge - the former Industrial Area - will remain under control of the Department of Energy to allow ongoing environmental monitoring and remediation. The 25,413 acre deletion reflects the completion of all response actions for the offsite and peripheral parcels and will allow the U.S. Department of Energy to transfer the deleted part of the site to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for management as a national wildlife refuge.
Areas affected by the proposed deletion include the 4,933 acre Peripheral Operable Unit and the 20,480 acre Operable Unit 3. These areas consist of open space, residential development and agricultural lands.
A 1997 Record of Decision for Operable Unit 3 and a 2006 Record of Decision for the Peripheral Operable Unit determined that all appropriate response actions under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act have [CERCLA, or The Suprefund] been implemented in these areas, and that no further response action by responsible parties is appropriate.
The state of Colorado, through the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, concurs with the proposed deletion. The U.S. Department of Energy will be responsible for all future response actions required at the area deleted if future site conditions warrant such actions.
The EPA requests public comment on this proposed action. Comments must be received on or before April 12, 2007. To view the Federal Register notice for this proposed action, visit: http://www.regulations.gov/ and select EPA-HQ-SFUND-1989-0011-0005 in the Keyword/ID search box. Please submit comments, identified by Docket ID no. EPA-HQ-SFUND-189-0011, to Rob Henneke at the U.S. EPA by email at: henneke.rob@epa.gov.
Hexavalent Chromium + Vitamin C = Cancer
PROVIDENCE, Rhode Island, (ENS)
12th March 2007
Even tiny amounts of hexavalent chromium can cause cancer, and Brown University researchers have found a connection between that effect and the nutrient vitamin C.
Naturally occurring vitamin C reacts inside human lung cells with chromium 6, or hexavalent chromium, and causes massive DNA damage, researchers found.
Low doses of chromium 6, combined with vitamin C, produce up to 15 times as many chromosomal breaks and up to 10 times more mutations - forms of genetic damage that lead to cancer - compared with cells that lacked vitamin C altogether.
This finding is startling, said Anatoly Zhitkovich, an associate professor of medical science at Brown who oversaw the experiments, funded by the National Institutes of Health.
Outside cells, Zhitkovich said, vitamin C actually protects against the cellular damage caused by hexavalent chromium, the toxic chemical that starred as the villain in the Hollywood drama, "Erin Brockovich."
This is the toxic metal, found in drinking water in a small California town, that Erin Brockovich campaigned against, successfully winning residents a record settlement of $333 million in 1996.
Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant, blocking cellular damage from free radicals. Specifically, the vitamin rapidly "reduces," or adds electrons, to free radicals, converting them into harmless molecules. This electron transfer from vitamin C to chromium 6 produces chromium 3, a form of the compound that is unable to enter cells.
Vitamin C has been used as an antidote in industrial accidents and other instances when large amounts of chromium are ingested.
But when chromium and vitamin C come together inside cells Zhitkovich and his team found that vitamin C acted as a potent toxic amplifier, sparking more chromosomal breaks and cellular mutations.
"When we increased the concentration of vitamin C inside cells, we saw progressively more mutations and DNA breaks, showing how seemingly innocuous amounts of chromium can become toxic," Zhitkovich said. "For years, scientists have wondered why exposure to small amounts of hexavalent chromium can cause such high rates of cancer. Now we know. It's vitamin C."
Hexavalent chromium is used to plate metals and to make paints, dyes, plastics and inks. As an anticorrosive agent, it is also added to stainless steel, which releases hexavalent chromium during welding.
Hexavalent chromium causes lung cancer and is found in 40 percent of Superfund sites nationwide.
Zhitkovich said his team's research, published in "Nucleic Acids Research," might have policy implications. When combined with vitamin C, chromium 6 caused genetic damage in cells in doses four times lower than current federal standards, Zhitkovich said. If additional research backs these findings, he said federal regulators might want to lower exposure standards.